Application of the Transtheoretical Model to physically active adults

BACKGROUND: A physically activity lifestyle has established health benefits, but interventions to increase exercise adherence have had mixed success. Examining physically active individuals could provide insight into strategies that are effective for exercise maintenance. The purpose of this study was to compare active adults based on exercise stage classification [action (ACT) and maintenance (MT)] according to the Transtheoretical Model (TTM). Physiological and psychosocial differences between stages were hypothesized to be consistent with theory and previous research. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used to examine components of the TTM, exercise behavior, resting cardiovascular variables, and VO(peak). Data from 57 physically active college students (age= 21.2 +/- 3.7 yrs, 67% female, 71.9% Caucasian) were included in the analysis. TTM variables and self-report of behavior were measured with established questionnaires. VO(peak) was determined from expired gases during a maximal exercise test. RESULTS: Volume of weekly exercise and number of months consistently active were significantly greater for MT (n=35) than for ACT (n=22). When controlling for gender effects, VO(peak) and systolic blood pressure were also greater in MT than ACT. MT also scored higher than ACT on decisional balance (pros-cons of exercise) and 4 processes of change. CONCLUSIONS: Membership in MT and ACT stages was corroborated by aerobic capacity. Predicted differences in TTM components were only partially supported, but behavioral strategies were used more by participants who were consistently active longer. Physically active individuals should be studied over time to determine if targeting behavioral processes of change will enhance long-term exercise adherence.