Tempforming Strengthening of a Low-Alloy Steel

Low-alloy structural steels subjected to quenching and tempering to achieve high strength possess a common drawback associated with low-impact toughness at low temperatures. An additional warm rolling, i.e., tempforming, is a promising approach to strengthen the rolled semi-products along with increasing their impact toughness. The effect of tempforming at 823–923 K on the microstructures and the mechanical properties of a low-alloy steel was studied in comparison with ordinary tempering at the same temperatures. The tempformed microstructures consisted of highly flattened grains with a transverse grain size of 245 nm to 360 nm depending on tempering temperature. A decrease in the transverse grain size with a decreasing temperature was accompanied by an increase in the total dislocation density (including sub-boundary dislocations) from 3.3 × 10¹⁵ m⁻² to 5.9 × 10¹⁵ m⁻². The steel samples subjected to tempforming exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. The yield strength increased by more than 300 MPa, approaching about 1200–1500 MPa depending on tempforming temperature. Moreover, strengthening by tempforming was accompanied by an increase in the impact toughness, especially inthe low temperature range down to 77 K, where the impact toughness was above 80 J cm⁻².