Trauma type as a conditional risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder in a referred clinic sample of adolescents |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, TX, United States;2. Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, OH, United States;3. Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, OH, United States;4. Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom;5. Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, OH, United States;1. The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Sydney, NSW, Australia;2. Academic Department of Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia;3. CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia;4. ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia;5. The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, NSW, Australia;6. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia;7. School of Psychology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia;8. School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia;9. NSW Health, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia;1. Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands;2. Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran;3. University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile;4. Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;5. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay;6. Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey;7. School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal;8. Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands;9. College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, China;10. Department of Psychology, MEF University, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionTraumatic experiences that are varied in type and severity may lead to the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Some trauma types present a higher conditional risk for PTSD owing to their nature and impact on growth and functioning. Few studies have investigated the conditional risk of PTSD in clinic referred adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of the study was to determine the conditional risk for PTSD based on various trauma types (car accidents, other serious accidents, fires, witnessing a natural disaster, witnessing a violent crime, being confronted with traumatic news, witnessing domestic violence, physical abuse and sexual abuse) and to stratify risk by gender.MethodAdolescents exposed to at least one Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) qualifying trauma were referred to a research clinic in Cape Town, South Africa (n = 216). PTSD status was assessed using a clinician administered interview. Conditional risk was determined using backwards stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis for 1) the whole sample, 2) females only and 3) males only. Gender differences in exposure to trauma types were determined using chi-square tests and cross-tabulation.ResultsThe prevalence of PTSD was 48.1% in the whole sample. Age (β = .16, p = .048, OR 1.17), fire exposure (β = 2.32, p = .036, OR 10.12) and sexual abuse (β = .93, p = .001, OR 2.54) were significant predictors of PTSD in the whole sample with the model explaining 12.4% of the variance in PTSD status. Age (β = .22, p = .041, OR 1.24) and sexual abuse (β = .87, p = .018, OR 2.39) were significant predictors of PTSD in female participants and explained 9.8% of the variance in PTSD status. Being a victim of a violent crime (β = .78 p = .100, OR 2.19) was the only remaining predictor of PTSD in male participants and showed a trend towards significance. The model explained 7% of the variance in PTSD status.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the importance of timely identification of trauma, particularly, sexual abuse and violence. Longitudinal tracking of adolescents exposed to different trauma types may identify those in need of treatment and enhance our understanding of the lasting impact of trauma. |
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