| Abstract: | In this paper, we have mapped the cellular localization of various transmitters onto the central neurons which are involved in male copulation behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis, by combining retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Evidence is provided that neurons which were backfilled from the penis nerve, the sole nerve to innervate the male copulatory organ, synthesize a multitude of neuropeptides (APGWamide, Lymnaea neuropeptide tyrosin LNPY], conopressin, pedal peptide, SEEPLY, DEILSR, myomodulin, and Lymnaea inhibitory peptide LIP]) as well as the classical neurotransmitter, serotonin. In the anterior lobe, the backfilled neurons mainly contain the tetrapeptide APGWamide and conopressin, and not LNPY or pedal peptide. The results suggest a central role in the regulation of copulation activity for the anterior lobe neurons that produce APGWamide and conopressin. Immunostainings of backfilled nervous systems revealed immunopositive axons originating from these neurons to form varicosities on the cell somata of neurons in the other clusters contributing to the innervation of the male sexual system. Neurons from the right parietal ganglion projecting into the penis nerve were electrophysiologically and morphologically identified by simultaneously recording from the cell body intracellularly and the penis nerve extracellularly and subsequently filling them with an anterograde tracer and subjecting them to immunocytochemistry. This method has provided links between morphology, physiology, and the transmitter contents of these neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 395:440–449, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
