Hereditary Renal Cancer Syndromes: An Update of a Systematic Review

Context

Hereditary renal cancers (HRCs) comprise approximately 3–5% of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs).

Objective

Our aim was to provide an overview of the currently known HRC syndromes in adults.

Evidence acquisition

Data on HRC syndromes were analysed using PubMed and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man with an emphasis on kidney cancer, clinical criteria, management, treatment, and genetic counselling and screening.

Evidence synthesis

Ten HRC syndromes have been described that are inherited with an autosomal dominant trait. Eight genes have already been identified (VHL, MET, FH, FLCN, TSC1, TSC2, CDC73, and SDHB). These HRC syndromes involve one or more RCC histologic subtypes and are generally bilateral and multiple. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the best imaging techniques for surveillance and assessment of renal lesions, but there are no established guidelines for follow-up after imaging. Except for hereditary leiomyomatosis RCC tumours, conservative treatments favour both an oncologically effective therapeutic procedure and a better preservation of renal function.

Conclusions

HRC involves multiple clinical manifestations, histologic subtypes, genetic alterations, and molecular pathways. Urologists should know about HRC syndromes in the interest of their patients and families.