The anterolateral ligament: Anatomic implications for its reconstruction

Background

The purpose of this study was to define the best anatomic parameters with which to perform an accurate anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction. These parameters were anatomical insertions, allowing favorable isometry, length variation during flexion, and anthropometric predictors of ALL lengths.

Methods

A total of 84 fresh-frozen cadaver knees were dissected to analyze the ALL, focusing on its femoral insertion. The ALL length was measured in different degrees of flexion (extension, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion) and rotation (neutral, internal or external rotation). The ALL width and thickness were measured. A correlation between ALL length, the general knee size and individual characteristics was investigated.

Results

The ALL was present in 80 specimens (95%). The femoral footprint was always posterior (5.52 ± 0.93 mm, range 3.83–6.94) and slightly proximal (1.51 ± 0.75 mm, range 0.63–2.37) to the lateral femoral epicondyle. The mean ALL length increased with internal rotation and decreased with external rotation (P < 0.05). The maximum ALL length was found at 30° of flexion, and the minimum at 90°. There was a significant correlation between the ALL length and height, sex, and proximal femur dimensions.

Conclusion

In order to get an anatomical reconstruction with favorable isometry, it is recommended that the ALL femoral graft is implanted posterior and slightly proximal to the epicondyle. It is also suggested that the tension be adjusted by fixing the graft between 0 and 30° of flexion, being tighter near extension. This will allow good rotational stability without implying any stiffness.