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Urinary metabolite concentrations of organophosphorous pesticides, bisphenol A, and phthalates among pregnant women in Rotterdam, the Netherlands: the Generation R study |
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| Authors: | Ye Xibiao Pierik Frank H Hauser Russ Duty Susan Angerer Jürgen Park Melissa M Burdorf Alex Hofman Albert Jaddoe Vincent W V Mackenbach Johan P Steegers Eric A P Tiemeier Henning Longnecker Matthew P |
| Affiliation: | a Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), MD A3-05, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA b Department of Environment and Health, TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) PO Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands c Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Building 1, Room 1405, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA d Department of Nursing, School for Health Studies, Simmons College, Boston, MA 02115, USA e Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany f School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA g Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands h Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands i The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands j Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands k Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands l Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands |
| Abstract: | Concern about potential health impacts of low-level exposures to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates among the general population is increasing. We measured levels of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides, a chlorpyrifos-specific metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy), BPA, and 14 phthalate metabolites in urine samples of 100 pregnant women from the Generation R study, the Netherlands. The unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted concentrations were reported, and compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and other studies. In general, these metabolites were detectable in the urine of the women from the Generation R study and compared with other groups, they had relatively high-level exposures to OP pesticides and several phthalates but similar exposure to BPA. The median concentrations of total dimethyl (DM) metabolites was 264.0 nmol/g creatinine (Cr) and of total DAP was 316.0 nmol/g Cr. The median concentration of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) was 222.0 μg/g Cr; the median concentrations of mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) were above 50 μg/g Cr. The median concentrations of the three secondary metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were greater than 20 μg/g Cr. The data indicate that the Generation R study population provides a wide distribution of selected environmental exposures. Reasons for the relatively high levels and possible health effects need investigation. |
| Keywords: | Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides Bisphenol A (BPA) Phthalates Prenatal exposure Biological monitoring |
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