Factorial validity of the center for epidemiologic studies-depression (CES-D) scale in military peacekeepers

Despite widespread use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale CES-D], there are no investigations that examine its factor structure in a military sample. Separate confirmatory factor analyses were performed on responses to the CES-D obtained from 102 female and 102 male Canadian military peacekeepers in order to compare the fit of a four-factor intercorrelated (lower-order) model to a four-factor hierarchical (higher-order) model. The intercorrelated and hierarchical models fit the data well for both women and men, with hierarchical models fitting the data slightly better for women than men. These findings suggest that, for military women and men, the CES-D can be used to measure a set of distinct but interrelated depressive symptoms as well as a global construct of depression. Implications and future directions are discussed.