Elevated Serum Cytokines and Trichomonas vaginalis Serology at Diagnosis Are Not Associated With Higher Gleason Grade or Lethal Prostate Cancer |
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| Authors: | Cécile Vicier Lillian Werner Jonathan Chipman Lauren C. Harshman Dattatraya H. Patil Raina N. Fichorova Jennifer R. Rider Martin G. Sanda Lorelei A. Mucci Christopher J. Sweeney |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;2. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;3. Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;4. Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA;5. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;6. Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA;7. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundInflammation and infections have been associated with prostate cancer progression. We assessed whether elevated serum cytokines or T. vaginalis seropositivity at the time of diagnosis was associated with higher grade or lethal prostate cancer.Patients and MethodsMen with localized or metastatic prostate cancer were included in this study. Cytokine serum levels including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (CCL-2), tumor necrosis factor α, and growth-regulated oncogene α (CXCL-1) using a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and T. vaginalis serology were measured in blood samples at diagnosis.ResultsA total of 324 patients were identified at time of localized disease and 118 at time of metastatic disease. Of the 189 patients with localized disease and clinical follow-up data (median, 73 months), 28 developed lethal disease. There was no association between circulating cytokine levels above median concentrations nor T. vaginalis seropositivity and risk of intermediate- to high-risk or lethal prostate cancer.ConclusionHigher levels of serum cytokine levels and T. vaginalis seropositivity at diagnosis are not associated with high-grade or lethal prostate cancer and do not aid risk stratification of localized prostate cancer. |
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| Keywords: | Cytokine level Lethal prostate cancer Prognostic biomarker and inflammation Prostate cancer Trichomonas vaginalis |
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