清代云南昆明的鼠疫流行

清代昆明有详细记载的四次鼠疫流行,表现出相同的流行特征：发生时间较周边地区晚、城区和郊区皆有严重流行、人口死亡严重。咸丰、同治年间的鼠疫大流行,与1347年欧洲的鼠疫大流行有相似之处,流行迅速,人口死亡众多。但是,咸丰、同治年间的鼠疫流行的动力是军队的移动,而欧洲鼠疫则是以城市为中心的商道传播。回民战争前后昆明鼠疫的散发性流行模式与1351以后的欧洲鼠疫流行模式相似,但流行的背景大不相同,也不同于云南其他城市。各地鼠疫流行模式的异同,反映的是各地社会结构和自然环境的异同。

The plague epidemics of Kunming,Yunnan in the Qing dynasty

Based on the detailed records on the four plague epidemics of Kunming in the Qing dynasty, there are similar epidemical characteristics, viz., epidemics occurred at a time later than its surrounding regions, severe epidemics prevalent in both urban and rural areas, massive fatalities. The massive plague epidemics during Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns were somewhat similar to that of the severe plague epidemics of 1347 in Europe, including rapid spreading and severe fatalities. The impetus of the former epidemic was the migration of army, while that of the latter, the cities as the centers of trade passages. The epidemic pattern of Kunming around the Islamic war was similar to that of Europe in 1351, with very different background, also different from other Yunnan cities. The similarities and dissimilarities of epidemic pattern reflect the difference among the social structure and natural surroundings of different locations.