Three-dimensional echocardiography assessment of carcinoid valvular heart disease: Images of each and all |
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Authors: | Qiangjun Cai MD Daniel L. Beckles MD PhD Masood Ahmad MD |
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Affiliation: | 1. Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA;2. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA |
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Abstract: | A 54-year-old male was found to have neuroendocrine carcinoma with hepatic metastasis. Two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) demonstrated dilated right ventricle and right atrium, and severe tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation. Three-dimensional (3D) TTE en-face views showed thickened, retracted, and fixed tricuspid valve and pulmonic valve which remained widely open throughout the cardiac cycle. 3D TTE, particularly en-face views, demonstrates incremental value over 2D TTE by providing precise valvular anatomic details comparable to surgical findings. 3D TTE also offers a unique opportunity to assess all four valves simultaneously with en-face views to delineate their relationships with surrounding structures. |
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Keywords: | carcinoid heart disease pulmonary regurgitation three-dimensional echocardiography tricuspid regurgitation |
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