Psychomotor stimulant effects ofd-amphetamine,MDMA and PCP: aggressive and schedule-controlled behavior in mice

The objective of the present experiments was to characterize psychomotor stimulant effects ofd-amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and phencyclidine (PCP) on conditioned performance and on aggressive behavior in mice. In a novel protocol with alternating periods of schedule-controlled responding and aggressive behavior toward an intruder it was possible to assess a range of species-specific agonistic acts, postures, and motor activities as well as response rates and patterns engendered by a multiple Fixed Interval (FI) and Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule within the same animal. Initially, it was confirmed thatd-amphetamine and, less reliably, MDMA and PCP, increased FI, but not FR responding in mice. In the next experiment, mice confronted an intruder at the midpoint of the 1-h daily session; following the display of aggressive behavior, the rate of FI responding showed an amphetamine-like increase, whereas only a transient change occurred after non-aggressive encounters. Thirdly, using this new protocol, PCP,d-amphetamine and MDMA altered FI and FR responding in a way that was closely similar to the first experiment. Low PCP andd-amphetamine doses increased aggressive behavior erratically in certain individuals, but not reliably for the group. MDMA dose-dependently decreased aggressive behavior, and all drugs disrupted aggressive behavior at higher doses. The characteristic increases in walking and decreases in rearing after higher doses of PCP andd-amphetamine were greatly attenuated when the intruder was present. The rate-increasing effects ofd-amphetamine, MDMA and PCP occurred in the early portion of the fixed interval when the control rate is typically low; by contrast, low attack rates during the later portion of the confrontation with the intruder remained unaffected. The dose-dependent quantitatively and qualitatively differentiated profile of effects on schedule-controlled responding, motor activity and aggressive behavior suggest that the common properties ofd-amphetamine, MDMA and PCP pertain mostly to the disruption of organized behavior patterns and activation of repetitive motor routines at high doses, but point to different mechanisms for modulating aggressive behavior and conditioned performance at lower doses.