Alteration of the daunorubicin-triggered sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway and apoptosis in MDR cells: influence of drug transport abnormalities

We have previously shown that in myeloid leukemic cells, daunorubicin (DNR) induces apoptosis via the activation of the sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway. We have now investigated sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis, ceramide generation, and apoptosis in vincristine-selected multidrug resistant (MDR) HL-60 cells (HL-60/Vinc), compared with their parental counterparts. We show that DNR triggers the SM cycle (stimulation of neutral sphingomyelinase, SM hydrolysis, and ceramide generation) and apoptosis in both parental and MDR cells, when used at isotoxic doses (ie., 1 and 100 microM for HL-60 and HL-60/Vinc, respectively). However, in MDR cells treated with either 10 microM DNR or 1 microM DNR in association with the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) blocker verapamil (treatment conditions which yield an intracellular DNR concentration similar to that achieved with 1 microM in the parental cells), we were unable to detect SM hydrolysis, ceramide generation and apoptosis. This implies that inhibition of the DNR-induced SM cycle in MDR cells is not directly related to P-gp. We have also investigated the influence of intracellular drug localization on the DNR-induced SM-cycle in HL-60/Vinc cells. In these cells, DNR at 10 microM is mainly localized in cytoplasmic vesicles, while the drug is diffusely distributed when used at 100 microM. A diffuse distribution pattern was also observed when MDR cells were treated with 1 microM DNR in association with the cyclosporine derivative PSC-833, but not with verapamil. In parallel, PSC-833, but not verapamil, restored the induction of the SM cycle and the apoptotic potential of DNR, and markedly increased drug cytotoxicity in MDR cells. Our results suggest that altered intracellular drug transport plays an important role in limiting ceramide generation and cell death in MDR cells.