Respiration: gas transfer |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI;2. Division of Hospital Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI;1. Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;2. Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;3. Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland;1. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York Street, LCI 105, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;2. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York Street, LCI 100, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;1. School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan;2. Department of Cosmetic Science, Vanung University, Taiwan;3. Section of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;1. Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;2. Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK;3. Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;4. Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland;1. Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science and The Institute for Lung Health, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK;2. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK;3. Institute of Health Sciences Education, Queen Mary University of London, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK;4. UCLPartners, AHSN, London, UK;5. Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Physicians of London, London, UK |
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| Abstract: | The principles of gas transfer between the atmosphere and cell mitochondria can be considered in a number of steps: inspired gases are humidified in the upper airways and mix with expired gases in the alveoli. In perfused alveoli, gases then diffuse passively down a partial pressure gradient into pulmonary capillary blood. Gases are transported by the blood, in a dissolved state or by specific transport systems, to the systemic capillaries from where they diffuse into cells. Efficient gas exchange between the atmosphere and mitochondria requires the transfer of large volumes of gas with minimal reduction in partial pressure. The nature of oxygen binding to haemoglobin and the transport of carbon dioxide as bicarbonate in the blood improve the body’s ability to transfer these gases. An understanding of how anaesthetic gases are transferred to their site of action and why side effects occur is important to the safe conduct of anaesthesia. |
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