Inhalation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate adversely affect sperm function |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea;2. College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea;3. Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea;4. National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea;1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China;2. Nanjing Central Hospital, Nanjing 210018, PR China |
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Abstract: | Among the components of air pollution in developing countries and Asia, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 are known as major water-soluble in-organic compounds that cause particulate matter. Several researchers have been reported that the (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 induce abnormal decreases in body weight, as well as pneumotoxic, and immunotoxic. Moreover, while it has been reported that (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 have detrimental effects on reproduction, specific effects on male fertility have not been addressed in depth. Therefore, the present study evaluated the reproductive toxicity of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 in spermatozoa under the capacitation condition. Results showed that various sperm motion parameters were significantly altered after inhalation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. In particular, alterations to a range of motion kinematic parameters and to capacitation status were observed after capacitation. In addition, protein kinase A (PKA) activity and tyrosine phosphorylation were altered by (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 regardless of capacitation. Taken together, our results show that inhalation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 may induce adverse effects on male fertility such as sperm motility, motion kinematics, and capacitation status via unusual tyrosine phosphorylation by abnormal PKA activity. Therefore, we suggest that exposure to (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 should be highlighted as a health risk, as it may lead to male reproductive toxicity in humans and animals. |
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Keywords: | Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Sperm motility Capacitation status Protein kinase A Tyrosine phosphorylation |
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