Reductions in anti-inflammatory gut bacteria are associated with depression in a sample of young adults |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;2. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;3. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA;4. Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;1. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;3. Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;4. Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;6. Gastroenterology, Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;5. Neurology, Department of Biomedical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;7. Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;1. Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China;3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Quantitative Biology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China;5. Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China;4. Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China;1. Department of Medical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China;2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;3. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;4. Department of internal medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China;1. APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;2. Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;3. Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland;4. Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;5. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;1. Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan;2. Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo, Japan;3. Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan;1. Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark;2. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark;3. Clinical Microbiomics, Copenhagen, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | We assessed the gut microbiota of 90 American young adults, comparing 43 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 47 healthy controls, and found that the MDD subjects had significantly different gut microbiota compared to the healthy controls at multiple taxonomic levels. At the phylum level, participants with MDD had lower levels of Firmicutes and higher levels of Bacteroidetes, with similar trends in the at the class (Clostridia and Bacteroidia) and order (Clostridiales and Bacteroidales) levels. At the genus level, the MDD group had lower levels of Faecalibacterium and other related members of the family Ruminococcaceae, which was also reduced relative to healthy controls. Additionally, the class Gammaproteobacteria and genus Flavonifractor were enriched in participants with MDD. Accordingly, predicted functional differences between the two groups include a reduced abundance of short-chain fatty acid production pathways in the MDD group. We also demonstrated that the magnitude of taxonomic changes was associated with the severity of depressive symptoms in many cases, and that most changes were present regardless of whether depressed participants were taking psychotropic medications. Overall, our results support a link between MDD and lower levels of anti-inflammatory, butyrate-producing bacteria, and may support a connection between the gut microbiota and the chronic, low-grade inflammation often observed in MDD patients. |
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| Keywords: | Depression Inflammation Microbiome SCFA |
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