Putative precancerous lesions of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Pathology, Clinical Research and Practical Center for Specialized Oncological care, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation;2. Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russian Federation;3. Department of Pathology, Saint-Petersburg Medico-Social Institute, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation;4. Sikl''s Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic;5. Bioptical Laboratory, Pilsen, Czech Republic;1. Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands;2. Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands;1. Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY;2. Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo;3. Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology/University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC;4. Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology Division, University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA;1. Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR;2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR |
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| Abstract: | Precursor lesions of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) can be divided into two major biologic and prognostic groups: HPV-associated and HPV-independent VSCC. These two pathways are categorized as usual vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN) with progression to basaloid or warty VSCC and differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) with progression to the more common keratinizing VSCC. While the HPV-dependent pathway to squamous cell carcinoma is well-understood, the development of squamous cell carcinoma from HPV-independent lesions is less clear. The majority of HPV-independent lesions fall into the dVIN category, and mutations in TP53 have been implicated as the driver behind their development. Other less common HPV-independent precursor lesions, termed differentiated exophytic vulvar intraepithelial lesion (DEVIL) and vulvar acanthosis with altered differentiation (VAAD), have also been characterized as precursors to keratinizing and verrucous VSCC. Inflammatory conditions of the vulva such as lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus also put patients at risk for developing VSCC. We herein evaluate the available evidence and biologic basis for these VSCC precursor lesions, among other speculated entities, and discuss their clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic features. |
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