Very low maternal lead level in pregnancy and birth outcomes in an eastern Massachusetts population |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA;2. Departments of Preventive Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY;3. Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women?s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China;2. MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China;3. State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China;4. College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China;5. Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China;1. Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Miyagi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;2. Environmental Health Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan;3. Environmental Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;4. Human Development and Disabilities, Tohoku University Graduate School of Education, Sendai 980-8576, Japan;1. Programa de Especialización en Reumatología Pediátrica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia;2. Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia;1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China;2. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China;3. Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resource and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China;4. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China;5. Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China;6. Hunan Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Changsha, 410007, China;7. Public Health College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China;8. Center for Environment and Health in Water Source Area of South-to-North Water Diversion, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China;9. Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China;1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi Province, PR China;2. College of Optometry, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, USA;3. Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Eye Institute of PLA, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi Province, PR China;4. Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi Province, PR China |
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| Abstract: | PurposeMaternal lead exposure is associated with poor birth outcomes in populations with moderate to high blood levels. However, no studies have looked at exposure levels commonly experienced by US women.MethodsWe evaluated the relationship between maternal red blood cell (RBC) lead levels in midpregnancy and birth outcomes in 949 mother–child pairs in a prebirth cohort. We used multiple linear regression and logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders including maternal age, race, prepregnancy body mass index, and smoking to relate maternal lead to infant birth size and risk for preterm birth (<37 weeks).ResultsMean RBC lead level was 1.2 μg/dL (range, 0.0–5.0). Mean (standard deviation) birthweight was 3505 (520) g, birthweight for gestational age z-score 0.22 (0.93), and length of gestation 39.5 (1.7) weeks. Mothers in the highest versus lowest lead quartile did not have higher odds (OR, 1.85; 95% confidence interval CI], 0.79–4.34) of preterm delivery; after stratifying by child sex, there was an association among males (OR, 5.51; 95% CI, 1.21–25.15) but not females (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.24–2.85). Maternal RBC lead was not associated with any continuous outcomes in combined or sex-stratified analyses.ConclusionsMaternal lead exposure, even at very low levels, may adversely affect some childbirth outcomes, particularly preterm birth among males. |
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| Keywords: | Pregnancy Lead Preterm birth Birthweight |
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