Exercise ameliorates serum MMP-9 and TIMP-2 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. 1st Department of Internal Medicine, “Hippokratio” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;2. Department of Physical Education and Sports Science (Serres), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;3. Center of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece |
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| Abstract: | AimThis study assessed the impact of regular exercise on inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], fibrinogen), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs), in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).PatientsFifty overweight patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to two groups: (A) an exercise group (EXG, n = 25), with self-controlled exercise for at least 150 min/week and one additional supervised exercise session/week; and (B) a control group (COG, n = 25), with no exercise instructions. All participants were taking oral antidiabetic drugs, and none had diabetic complications. Clinical parameters, exercise capacity (VO2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), insulinresistance indices (fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA%S), hsCRP, fibrinogen, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were assessed at baseline and after 16 weeks.ResultsNo significant changes were found in body mass index, waist/hip ratio, insulin-resistance indices, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 throughout the study in either group (P > 0.05). Compared with controls, the EXG showed a significant decrease in systolic and mean blood pressure, total and LDL cholesterol, and HbA1c (P < 0.05). Also, exercise significantly suppressed levels of fibrinogen (P = 0.047), hsCRP (P = 0.041) and MMP-9 (P = 0.028), and the MMP-9-to-TIMP-1 ratio (P = 0.038), whereas VO2peak (P = 0.011), VT (P = 0.008) and plasma TIMP-2 levels (P = 0.022) were considerably upregulated in the EXG vs. COG. Standard multiple-regression analyses revealed that MMP-9 changes were independently associated with fibrinogen and HbA1c changes, while fibrinogen changes independently predicted TIMP-2 alterations with exercise.ConclusionMostly self-controlled exercise of moderate intensity ameliorated serum levels of pro- and anti-atherogenic markers in patients with T2DM, with no effects on body weight. These data offer further insight into the cardioprotective mechanisms of exercise in patients with T2DM. |
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