世界卫生组织身体活动政策和指南的架构与核心内容研究

目的 研究分析身体活动政策和身体活动指南的理论、政策架构以及核心内容。 方法 运用政策研究和内容分析的方法以及世界卫生组织(WHO)健康服务体系六大构成要素的理论,具体分析WHO身体活动全球行动计划和WHO身体活动指南的理论、架构和核心内容。结果 《2018-2030年促进身体活动全球行动计划：加强身体活动,造就健康世界》(简称《行动计划》)是WHO颁布的有关身体活动的国际政策文件,该政策文件遵循以人权、全生命周期、循证实践、比例普遍性、政策协调性和将健康融入所有政策、参与和赋权、建立多部门伙伴关系的7个原则,将身体活动纳入健康服务和社会发展的范畴。《行动计划》由4项战略目标和20项政策行动构成,涉及WHO健康服务体系六个领域,身体活动政策融入健康服务,对于促进实现联合国可持续发展目标三健康全覆盖有着十分重要的意义。2020年《WHO关于身体活动和久坐行为的指南》(简称《指南》)作为贯彻落实《行动计划》的技术文件,采用PI/ECO方法架构,分析了各类人群的身体活动需求,针对儿童与青少年、成年人、老年人, 特殊人群孕妇和产后妇女、慢病患者和残疾人士等,提出了增加身体活动和减少久坐行为的活动指南,内容涉及身体活动的持续时间、频率、强度、身体活动类型、身体活动的关键和重要的健康结果,以及预防健康风险和相关的注意事项。《指南》贯彻落实《行动计划》的相关指导原则,旨在从微观层面提升整体人群参与身体活动程度,改善提高整体人群关键和重要的健康结果。结论 作为一项健康战略和发展战略,《行动计划》倡导将身体活动纳入健康服务体系,促进实现联合国2030可持续发展目标三全民健康覆盖。根据WHO健康服务体系六大构成要素,即领导力和治理、筹资、人力资源、服务提供、医药技术、健康信息,可以将《行动计划》4项战略目标和20项政策行动纳入上述六个领域。《指南》作为贯彻落实 《行动计划》的技术文件,基于PI/ECO方法架构,针对儿童与青少年、成年人、老年人、孕妇和产后妇女、慢病人群、残疾人等人群提供增加身体活动与减少久坐行为的指南建议。核心内容涉及针对的人群、身体活动的持续时间、频率、强度、身体活动类型、身体活动的关键和重要的健康结果,以及预防健康风险和相关的注意事项。

Framework and Core Content of World Health Organization Policy and Guidelines of Physical Activity

Objective To study and analyze the theory, policy framework, and core content of physical activity policies and physical activity guidelines.Methods Using a policy research and content analysis approach and the theory of the six components of World Health Organization (WHO) health service system, we specifically analyze the theory, framework, and core content of WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity and WHO Physical Activity Guidelines.Results The Global Plan of Action for Physical Activity 2018-2030 (Action Plan) is an international policy document on physical activity issued by WHO that incorporates physical activity within the context of the seven principles of human rights, the life span, evidence-based practice, proportional universality, policy coherence and integration of health into all policies, participation and empowerment, and multisectoral partnerships into health services and social development. The Action Plan consists of four strategic objectives and 20 policy actions, covering six areas of WHO health service system, and the integration of physical activity policies into health services is of great importance in promoting the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 of universal health coverage. As a technical document for the implementation of the Action Plan, 2020 WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior (Guidelines) adopted the PI/ECO approach to analyze the physical activity needs of various groups of people, and provide guidelines to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior for children and adolescents, adults, older adults, pregnant and postpartum women, people with chronic diseases and people with disabilities. The guidelines cover duration, frequency, and intensity of physical activity, types of physical activity, critical and important health outcomes of physical activity, and health risk prevention and related considerations. The Guidelines implement the relevant guiding principles of the Action Plan and aim to improve overall population participation in physical activity at the micro level and improve critical and important health outcomes for the overall population.Conclusion As a health and development strategy, the Action Plan promotes the integration of physical activity into the health delivery system to facilitate the achievement of the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 3 of universal health coverage.The four strategic objectives and 20 policy actions of the Action Plan can be integrated into these six areas based on the six components of WHO Health Service Delivery System: leadership and governance, financing, human resources, service delivery, medical technology, and health information. As a technical document to implement the Action Plan, the Guidelines are based on the PI/ECO approach framework and provide guidance on increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior for children and adolescents, adults, older adults, pregnant and postpartum women, chronic patients, and persons with disabilities. The core content addresses the target populations, duration, frequency, and intensity of physical activity, types of physical activity, critical and important health outcomes of physical activity, and health risk prevention and related considerations.