Polysaccharides as vaccine adjuvants |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;2. Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;1. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran;2. Nanobiotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;4. Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;5. Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory of Northeast-Iran, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;6. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran;7. Nanotechnology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;1. CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;2. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;3. Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland;4. Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland;1. College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 14 Shengli Road, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China;2. Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;3. Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;1. Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China;2. Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China |
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| Abstract: | Adjuvant is a substance added to vaccine to improve the immunogenicity of antigens, and it can induce stronger immune responses and reduce the dosage and production cost of vaccine in populations responding poorly to vaccination. Adjuvants in development or in use mainly include aluminum salts, oil emulsions, saponins, immune-stimulating complexes, liposomes, microparticles, nonionic block copolymers, polysaccharides, cytokines and bacterial derivatives. Polysaccharide adjuvants have attracted much attention in the preparation of nano vaccines and nano drugs because natural polysaccharides have the characteristics of intrinsic immunomodulating, biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and safety. Moreover, it has been proved that a variety of natural polysaccharides possess better immune promoting effects, and they can enhance the effects of humoral, cellular and mucosal immunities. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the recent studies on polysaccharides with vaccine adjuvant activities, including chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs), glucan, mannose, inulin polysaccharide and Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide. The application and future perspectives of polysaccharides as adjuvants were also discussed. These findings lay a foundation for the further development of polysaccharide adjuvants. Collectively, more and more polysaccharide adjuvants will be developed and widely used in clinical practice with more in-depth investigations of polysaccharide adjuvants. |
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| Keywords: | Vaccine adjuvants Polysaccharides Chitosan based nanoparticles Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide Nano vaccines |
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