Cardioprotective effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in patients with cardiovascular diseases |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Primary Care Service “Camp de Tarragona”, Institut Catala de la Salut, Tarragona, Spain;2. Primary Care Research Institute, Institut d''Investigacio en Atencio Primaria Jordi Gol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;3. Research Assistance on Mortality Data, Institut d''Investigacio en Atencio Primaria Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Spain;1. Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia;2. Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia;3. Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, D-60596 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany;4. Divisione di Oncologia Sperimentale, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico CRO-IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;1. Community and Health Research Unit, University of Lincoln & Lincolnshire Community Health Services NHS Trust, School of Health and Social Care, College of Social Science, Brayford Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;2. Community and Health Research Unit, University of Lincoln, School of Health and Social Care, College of Social Science, Brayford Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;3. University of Nottingham, Division of Primary Care, School of Community Health Sciences, Floor 13, Tower Building, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;1. Primary Care Service of Tarragona, EPIVAC Study Group, Institut Catalá de la Salut, Tarragona, Spain;2. Primary Care Research Institute (IDIAP Jordi Gol) and Research Associate, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain;3. Department of Management Information Systems, Joan XXIII Hospital, Tarragona, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Due to the wide interaction between the respiratory and the circulatory systems, influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations are recommended in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The review summarizes the results of recent studies and meta-analyses demonstrating that in this group of high-risk patients both vaccinations have potentially beneficial properties. However, in the era of Evidence Base Medicine, there is still a lack of randomized prospective clinical trials, especially those evaluating the effect of pneumococcal vaccination. As the burden of cardiovascular diseases represents various pathologies, it is important to point that the beneficial effect of vaccination is more pronounced in the atherosclerotic etiology, especially in patients after recent coronary events. This information contributes significantly to the appreciation of the role of the adaptive and innate immunity in atherosclerosis, which is now considered as immuno-inflammatory process driven by LDL-cholesterol intimal infiltration and macrophages activation. The mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of vaccination may not only be associated with the elimination of infections and their complications, but also related to the modification of the immuno-inflammatory model of atherosclerosis. |
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| Keywords: | Influenza vaccination Pneumococcal vaccination Cardiovascular diseases Heart failure Coronary heart disease Atherosclerosis Acute coronary syndrome |
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