The apparent inverse association between dietary carotene intake and risk of cardiovascular mortality disappeared after adjustment for other cardioprotective dietary intakes: The Japan collaborative cohort study |
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| Institution: | 1. Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita Shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan;2. Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Shalaby land, Minia, 61511, Egypt;3. Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan;4. Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan;1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;2. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;3. Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada;4. Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada;5. Department of Family Medicine, Western University, London, Canada;1. Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA;2. B. J. Medical College, Gujarat, India;3. Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA;4. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;2. Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, China;3. Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;4. Shanghai Center for Women and Children''s Health, Shanghai, China;1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang of Jiangxi, China;2. Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang of Jiangxi, China;3. Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanchang of Jiangxi, China;4. The Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China;5. Wuyuan Health Committee, Shangrao of Jiangxi, China;1. Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D''Alessandro” (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Italy;2. Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy;3. Dipartimento di Medicina di laboratorio, AOUP “P. Giaccone”, Palermo, Italy;1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China;2. Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China |
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| Abstract: | Background and purposeAn effect of dietary carotenes on risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is uncertain. We aimed to investigate whether the association between dietary carotenes intake and risk of CVD mortality will persist after controlling for the intakes of potential cardioprotective dietary factors that correlate with dietary alpha- and/or beta-carotenes.Methods and resultsWe followed up a total of 58,646 Japanese between 1988 and 1990 and 2009. We used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to determine the dietary intakes of carotenes, and estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CVD mortality in relation to carotene intake by the proportional hazard regression developed by David Cox. During 965,970 person-years of follow-up (median 19.3 years), we identified 3388 total CVD deaths. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, dietary intakes of alpha-carotene were significantly associated with the reduced risk of mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD); adjusted HR (95% CI) in the highest versus lowest quintiles of intake was 0.75 (0.58–0.96; P-trend = 0.02) and dietary intakes of beta-carotene were significantly associated with the reduced risk of mortality from CVD, CHD, and other CVD; adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 0.88 (0.79–0.98; P-trend = 0.04), 0.78 (0.61–0.99; P-trend = 0.01), and 0.81 (0.67–0.98; P-trend = 0.04), respectively. However, after further adjusting for the dietary intakes of potassium, calcium, vitamins C, E, or K, these associations disappeared.Conclusions—Dietary alpha- and beta-carotene intakes were not associated with risk of CVD mortality after controlling for intakes of other potential cardioprotective nutrients. |
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| Keywords: | Alpha-carotene Beta-carotene Cardiovascular mortality Potassium Follow-up study Japan |
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