The postdisaster prevalence of major depression relative to PTSD in survivors of the 9/11 attacks on the world trade center selected from affected workplaces |
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| Institution: | 1. Program in Trauma and Disaster and Staff Psychiatrist, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA;2. Departments of Psychiatry and Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6363 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390–8828, USA;3. The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Social Work, College of Arts and Sciences, Birmingham, AL, USA;4. Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA;5. Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;6. Ichan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai and The New York Harbor Health Care System – Manhattan VA, New York, NY, USA;7. The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, USA;1. Brighton and Sussex Medical School, United Kingdom;2. Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom;3. School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom;4. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal;5. Digestive Diseases Centre, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom;1. Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Psychology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea;4. Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea;6. Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea;7. Department of Psychiatry, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea;8. Department of Psychiatry, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea;9. Institute of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea;1. Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Vasaros 5, 10309 Vilnius, Lithuania;2. Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway;3. Vilmant? Pakalni?kien?, Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University, Universiteto 9/1, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundStudies of survivors of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City suggest that postdisaster depressive disorders may be at least as prevalent, or even more prevalent, than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), unlike findings from most other disaster studies. The relative prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and PTSD were examined after the 9/11 attacks relative to trauma exposures.MethodsThis study used full diagnostic assessment methods and careful categorization of exposure groups based on DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD to examine 373 employees of 9/11-affected New York City workplaces.ResultsPostdisaster new MDD episode (26%) in the entire sample was significantly more prevalent (p < .001) than 9/11-related PTSD (14%). Limiting the comparison to participants with 9/11 trauma exposures, the prevalence of postdisaster new MDD episode and 9/11-related PTSD did not differ (p = .446). The only 9/11 trauma exposure group with a significant difference in relative prevalence of MDD and PTSD were those with a 9/11 trauma-exposed close associate, for whom postdisaster new MDD episode (45%) was more prevalent (p = .046) than 9/11-related PTSD (31%).ConclusionsBecause of the conditional definition of PTSD requiring trauma exposure that is not part of MDD criteria, prevalence comparisons of these two disorders must be limited to groups with qualifying trauma exposures to be meaningful. Findings from this study suggest distinct mechanisms underlying these two disorders that differentially relate to direct exposure to trauma vs. the magnitude of the disaster and personal connectedness to disaster and community-wide effects. |
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