Posttraumatic stress symptoms and smoking among World Trade Center disaster responders: A longitudinal investigation |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States;2. Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States;3. Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States;4. Department of Family & Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States;5. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States;6. VA Connecticut Healthcare System, United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, West Haven, CT, United States;7. Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States;8. Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, United States;9. Department of Population Health, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Great Neck, NY, United States;10. Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;11. Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States;12. WTC Health Program, NIOSH, Washington, DC, United States;13. Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States;1. Department of Anxiety and Stress, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea;2. Department of Mental Health Research, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea;1. Adai Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China;2. Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;3. Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China;4. Qiyuan Lab, Beijing, China |
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| Abstract: | PurposeThe current longitudinal study examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity in relation to smoking abstinence and reduction over time among responders to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster.MethodParticipants were 763 police and 1881 non-traditional (e.g., construction workers) WTC responders who reported being smokers at an initial examination obtained between July 2002 and July 2011 at the WTC Health Program (WTC-HP). WTC responders were reassessed, on average, 2.5 years later.ResultsFor police WTC responders, higher levels of WTC-related PTSD symptoms at the initial visit were associated with a decreased likelihood of smoking abstinence (OR = 0.98, p = .002) and with decreased smoking reduction (β = ?.06, p = .012) at the follow-up visit. WTC-related PTSD symptom severity was not related to likelihood of smoking abstinence or change in number of cigarettes smoked among non-traditional responders. Post hoc analyses suggested that for police, hyperarousal PTSD symptoms were predictive of decreased abstinence likelihood at the follow-up visit (OR = 0.56, p = .006).DiscussionThe present findings suggest that PTSD symptoms may be differentially related to smoking behavior among police and non-traditional WTC responders in a naturalistic, longitudinal investigation. Future work may benefit from exploring further which aspects of PTSD (as compared to each other and to common variance) explain smoking maintenance. |
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