成都市变应性鼻炎患者吸入性过敏原类型及分布特征分析

目的 对成都市变应性鼻炎(AR)患者的吸入性过敏原类型及其分布特征进行分析，为当地AR患者的预防治疗提供参考依据。方法 2019—2022年，依托成都市第二人民医院耳鼻咽喉科门诊对接受过敏原检测的拟诊AR患者进行登记并采集临床信息，统计AR患者的过敏原类型并分析其分布特征。结果 共计有12 486例患者完成了临床信息登记并确诊为AR患者，其中单一过敏原过敏患者5 408例(43.31%)，双重或多重过敏原过敏患者7 078例(56.69%)；过敏原类型构成中前3位分别为尘螨、豚草与猫皮屑，其中单一过敏原的AR患者中尘螨占比达69.80%；在尘螨类型的单一过敏原AR患者中，反应强度为+++及以上占比61.83%。不同年龄组的AR患者过敏原种类数的分布显著不同，且年龄组之间的两两比较也均有显著差异，2~14岁组AR患者占比为38.49%，高于15~24岁组(21.39%)、25~34岁组(18.46%)、35~44岁组(8.87%)、≥45岁组(12.79%)；2~14岁组双重及以上过敏原AR患者占比(70.02%)也显著高于15~24岁组、25~34岁组、35~44岁组、≥45岁组(依次为55.52%、51.58%、44.17%、34.56%)；2~14岁组、15~24岁组尘螨过敏原占比(41.81%、22.47%)高于25~34岁组、35~44岁组和≥45岁组(依次为15.45%、8.34%、11.94%)。另一方面，夏、秋季的AR患者占比远高于其他时节，且不同季节的过敏原种类分布存在显著差异；AR患者呈逐年上升趋势，其过敏原种类的分布在不同年份之间也存在显著差异，且尘螨与猫皮屑的分布比也呈逐年上升趋势。结论 成都市近年来确诊的AR患者人数逐年上升，尘螨是最主要的吸入性过敏原种类，夏、秋季是AR患者的高发季节，儿童、青少年是AR的主要患病人群，且更易发生多重过敏，应当更加注重易感人群的健康防护。

Analysis on the types and distribution characteristics of inhalant allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis in Chengdu

Objective To analyze the types and distribution characteristics of inhalant allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Chengdu, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of local AR patients.Methods From 2019 to 2022, suspected AR patients undergoing allergen testing at the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic of the Second People’s Hospital of Chengdu were registered, and clinical information was collected to classify allergen types and analyze their distribution characteristics in AR patients.Results A total of 12 486 patients completed clinical registration and were diagnosed with AR. Among them, the percentage of patients with single allergen was 43.31%, while the percentage of patients with dual or multiple allergens was 56.69%. The top three allergen types were dust mites, ragweed, and cat dander. Dust mites accounted for 69.80% of AR patients with single allergen. In the patients with single allergen AR of dust mite type, those with a reaction intensity of +++ or above accounted for 61.83%. The composition ratios of allergen species number in AR patients of different age groups were significantly different, and significant differences were observed in pairwise comparisons among age groups. The proportion of AR patients in 2-14 years old group was 38.49%, which was higher than those in 15-24 group (21.39%), 25-34 group (18.46%), 35-44 group (8.87%), and ≥45 group (12.79%). The proportion of dual or multiple allergen AR patients in the 2-14 years old group (70.02%) was significantly higher than those in the 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, and ≥45 years old groups (55.52%, 51.58%, 44.17%, and 34.56%, respectively). The proportions of dust mite allergen in the 2-14 and 15-24 years old groups (41.81%, 22.47%) were higher than those in the 25-34, 35-44, and ≥45 years old groups (15.45%, 8.34%, 11.94% respectively). Furthermore, the proportion of AR patients in summer and autumn was significantly higher than those in other seasons. The number of AR patients increased year by year with significant differences in the composition of allergen species among different years, and the composition ratios of dust mites and cat dander also showed increasing trends annually.Conclusions The number of confirmed AR patients in Chengdu has been increasing annually in recent years, with dust mites being the predominant inhalant allergen type. The peak season for AR is in summer and autumn. Children and adolescents are the main affected population, and are more prone to multiple allergies. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the health protection of susceptible populations.