Microbiome-based body fluid identification of samples exposed to indoor conditions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland;2. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland;3. Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA;1. Defense Forensic Science Center, 4930 N 31st St., Forest Park, GA 30297, USA;2. Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;1. Department of Forensic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan;2. Forensic Biology Unit, Scientific Crime Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefectural Police, 155-1 Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 231-0023, Japan;1. Department of Forensic Biology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway;2. Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway;3. Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway;4. Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway;1. Defense Forensic Science Center, Forest Park, GA, USA;2. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA;1. School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;2. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Vital-IT Group, Lausanne, Switzerland;3. Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland;4. Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne, Switzerland;1. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center,3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;2. Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center,3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;3. Verogen, Inc, 11111 Flintkote Ave, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;4. Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |
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| Abstract: | In the forensic reconstruction of crime scene activities, the identification of biological traces and their bodily origin are valuable evidence that can be presented in court. While several presumptive and confirmatory tests are currently available, the limitations in specificity and sensitivity have instigated a search for alternative methods. Bacterial markers have been proposed as a novel approach for forensic body fluid/tissue identification. Bacteria are not only ubiquitous throughout the human body, but also, as shown by recent microbiome sequencing studies of the 16S rRNA gene, bacterial community structures are distinct across body sites. Traces and stains at crime scenes are, however, often exposed to the environment outside the human body for variable periods of time before laboratory processing. Thus, it is not clear whether exposed samples continue to harbor microbial signatures characteristic of their body site of origin. In this proof-of-concept study we collected samples from six different body sites: saliva, skin, peripheral blood, vaginal fluid, menstrual blood and semen. We exposed a subset of these samples to indoor conditions for 30 days while the remaining samples were processed directly after extraction. Our analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequence data for a total of 46 control and exposed samples show that both types of samples group by body site, although a few outliers are observed. Based on our results, vaginal and menstrual samples share their microbial signatures, and cannot be distinguished using bacterial markers. Overall, our findings indicate that bacterial markers are a promising avenue for forensic body fluid/tissue identification. |
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| Keywords: | Microbiome Body fluid identification 16S rRNA sequencing Alpha diversity Beta diversity Principal component/coordinates analysis |
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