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Secondary x-ray fluorescence for in vivo transdermal absorption measurements

Institution:	1. Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA;2. Division of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA;3. The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA;4. Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA;1. Central Research Institute, Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., 34101, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;2. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 34141, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States;1. Catalytic Carbon Transformation & Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA;2. Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA;1. Department of Nephrology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France;2. Department of Hematology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France;3. Department of Internal Medicine, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France;4. Medical Biology Laboratory, French Establishment of Blood, Saint-Antoine, Paris, France;5. Department of Oncology, Clinic, Dijon, France;6. Inserm UMR 1098, University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France

Abstract:	A modification of an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique that could be applied to the noninvasive measurement of transdermal absorption in human subjects with a low absorbed radiation dose was investigated. Secondary X-rays that were produced in a samarium foil by an isotopic ²⁴¹Am source were used to induce iodine Kα X-rays in an iodine-containing compound. The disappearance of this compound was measured following topical administration to a human volunteer. The use of the secondary X-ray fluorescence technique resulted in an 11-fold reduction in the absorbed radiation dose to the skin compared to conventional XRF bringing the technique within acceptable dosimetry limits for human studies.

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