Coronary Artery Calcium and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia Receiving Standard Lipid-Lowering Therapy |
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Authors: | Marcio H. Miname Marcio Sommer Bittencourt Sérgio R. Moraes Rômulo I.M. Alves Pamela R.S. Silva Cinthia E. Jannes Alexandre C. Pereira José E. Krieger Khurram Nasir Raul D. Santos |
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Affiliation: | 1. Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein & School of Medicine, Faculdade Israelita de Ciência da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital & São Paulo State Cancer Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;4. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;5. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil |
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Abstract: | ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) as a predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (fatal or not myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina requiring revascularization, and elective myocardial revascularization) events in asymptomatic primary prevention molecularly proven heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) subjects receiving standard lipid-lowering therapy.BackgroundFH is associated with premature ASCVD. However, the clinical course of ASCVD in subjects with FH is heterogeneous. CAC score, a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis burden, may optimize ASCVD risk stratification in FH.MethodsSubjects with FH underwent CAC measurement and were followed prospectively. The association of CAC with ASCVD was evaluated using multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 206 subjects (mean age 45 ± 14 years, 36.4% men, baseline and on-treatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 269 ± 70 mg/dl and 150 ± 56 mg/dl, respectively) were followed for a median of 3.7 years (interquartile range: 2.7 to 6.8 years). CAC was present in 105 (51%), and 15 ASCVD events (7.2%) were documented. Almost one-half of events were hard outcomes, and the others were elective myocardial revascularizations. The annualized rates of events per 1,000 patients for CAC scores of 0 (n = 101 [49%]), 1 to 100 (n = 62 [30%]) and >100 (n = 43 [21%]) were, respectively, 0, 26.4 (95% confidence interval: 12.9 to 51.8), and 44.1 (95% confidence interval, 26.0 to 104.1). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, log(CAC score + 1) was independently associated with incident ASCVD events (hazard ratio: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.635 to 6.790; p = 0.001).ConclusionsCAC was independently associated with ASCVD events in patients with FH receiving standard lipid-lowering therapy. This may help further stratify near-term risk in patients who might be candidates for further treatment with newer therapies. |
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Keywords: | atherosclerosis computed tomography coronary calcification familial hypercholesterolemia PCSK9 risk factors statins ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease CAC coronary artery calcium CHD coronary heart disease CI confidence interval FH familial hypercholesterolemia LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol MACE major atherosclerotic cardiovascular event(s) PCSK9 proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 |
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