Perioperative management of blood loss during surgical treatment for craniosynostosis

Blood saving is the major challenge during the surgical repair of craniofacial deformities. Treated patients have a low reserve volume and the techniques available to lower homologous blood transfusions are limited or insufficiently evaluated in this particular case. The most important factor determining blood loss is the quality of the surgical haemostasis. Blood saving begins with early preoperative evaluation of the patient's bleeding risk, which is a function of the type of surgery, of the surgical technique, of the number of sutures involved, of the length of surgery, and of the patients age, weight and physical status. Elaborated blood saving techniques such as preoperative autologous blood donation, erythropoietin administration, normovolaemic haemodilution, and peroperative autologous blood saving and reinfusion have revealed disappointing where used alone. These techniques require a heavy setup and still need to be evaluated extensively. They should be used in selected cases such as in patients with a very high risk of bleeding or face to Jehovah Witnesses. Monitoring during surgery should include precise evaluation of blood losses and haematocrit measurements at regular intervals. The haematocrit threshold allowing homologous blood transfusion should be set at 21%, provided that any other source of autologous blood is exhausted. Postoperative monitoring should also include precise evaluation of blood losses and haematocrit measurements. The 21% threshold should remain the reference during that period.