Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countries |
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Authors: | Ranil Jayawardena Dhanushya T. Jeyakumar Tormalli V. Francis Anoop Misra |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka;2. School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;3. Health and Wellness Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka;4. Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka;5. Fortis-C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India |
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Abstract: | Background and aimsCOVID-19 is a pandemic that has affected beyond 100 million and caused nearly 3 million deaths globally. Vitamin D is a known risk factor for COVID-19. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D level with COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asia, predicting with other confounding factors such as median age, obesity, and diabetes.MethodsCOVID-19 infections and mortalities among the Asian countries were retrieved from the Worldometer website. Information on prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D values in each Asian country was retrieved through literature searching on PubMed® and Google scholar. The associations between COVID-19 infections and mortalities with prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D level were explored with correlation coefficients. As a predictive analysis, multiple linear regression was carried out with all confounders.ResultsPositive correlations were observed for prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infections (r = 0.55; p = 0.01; R2 = 0.31) and mortalities (r = 0.50; p = 0.01; R2 = 0.25). Moreover, the associations for the COVID-19 infections and mortalities improved to r = 0.76 (p = 0.002; R2 = 0.58) and r = 0.65 (p = 0.03; R2 = 0.42), respectively, after predicting with confounding factors. Similarly, mean vitamin D level had a significant negative correlation with COVID-19 infections (r = ?0.77; p = 0.04; R2 = 0.59) and mortalities (r = ?0.80; p = 0.03; R2 = 0.63) when combining with confounders.ConclusionPrevalence of vitamin D deficiency is significantly positively associated whereas the mean vitamin D level is significantly negatively associated with both infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 among Asian countries upon predicting with all confounders. |
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Keywords: | Vitamin D COVID-19 Infection Mortality Asia One million Body mass index Central Intelligence Agency Coronavirus disease International Organization for Standardization Non-communicable disease Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health Cluster Polymerase Chain Reaction Vitamin D Vitamin D deficiency World Health Organization |
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