Stimulus-responsive liposomes for biomedical applications |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Scienze farmaceutiche, DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Liposomes are amphipathic lipidic supramolecular aggregates that are able to encapsulate and carry molecules of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature. They have been widely used as in vivo drug delivery systems for some time because they offer features such as synthetic flexibility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and negligible toxicity. In recent years, the chemical modification of liposomes has paved the way to the development of smart liposome-based drug delivery systems, which are characterized by even more tunable and disease-directed features. In this review, we highlight the different types of chemical modification introduced to date, with a particular focus on internal stimuli-responsive liposomes and prodrug activation. |
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| Keywords: | Liposomes Active targeting Internal stimuli Self-assembly Targeted drug delivery Nanocarriers Enzyme-responsive liposomes Redox-responsive liposomes pH-responsive liposomes Hypoxia-responsive liposomes Cancer therapy AQ4N" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0065" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" 1,4-bis[[2-(dimethyloxidoamino)ethyl]amino]-5,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride ATRA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0075" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," $$" :[{" #name" :" __text__" ," _" :" All-" },{" #name" :" italic" ," _" :" trans" },{" #name" :" __text__" ," _" :" retinoic acid β-CD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0085" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" β-cyclodextrin CD44" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0095" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" cluster of differentiation 44 CHEMS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0105" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" cholesteryl-hemisuccinate Chol" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0115" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" cholesterol COL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0125" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" colchicine COS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0135" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" chitooligosaccharides CPP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0145" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" cell-penetrating peptide DDS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0155" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" drug delivery systems DOPC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0165" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine DOPE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0175" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine DOX" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0185" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" doxorubicin DPPC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0195" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine DSPE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0205" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine DTX" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0215" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" docetaxel EE%" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0225" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" encapsulation efficiency EPC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0235" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" egg phosphatidylcholine FA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0245" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" folic acid GEM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0255" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" gemcitabine GSH" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0265" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" glutathione HA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0275" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hyaluronic acid HAase" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0285" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hyaluronidase HSPC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0295" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine Hz" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0305" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hydrazone bond LPs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0315" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" liposomes MAA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0325" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" methacrylic acid MD-MA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0335" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" methoxy diethylene glycol methacrylate MMP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0345" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" matrix metalloproteinase MOMCs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0355" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" monocyte-derived multipotent cells mPEG" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0365" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" methoxy polyethylene glycol methyl ether polyethylene benzaldehyde NIN" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0385" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" nintedanib ONL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0395" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" orthoester nucleoside lipid PC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0405" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" phosphatidylcholine pDNA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0415" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" plasmid DNA PDT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0425" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" photodynamic therapy PE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0435" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" phosphatidylethanolamine PEG" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0445" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" polyethylene glycol PEtOz" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0455" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) PFD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0465" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" pirfenidone pHSL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0475" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" pH sensitive liposome PLA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0485" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" phospholipase A PSC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0495" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" pancreatic stellate cell PTX" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0505" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" paclitaxel eight units of arginine RAR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0525" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" retinoic acid receptor RES" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0535" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" reticuloendothelial system SA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0545" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" self-assembly SMA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0555" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) sPLA2" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0565" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" secretory phospholipase A2 SSLP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0575" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" sterically stabilized LP TE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0585" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" transfection efficiency TEG" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0595" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" tetraethyleneglycol |
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