Industrial release of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in the waste water bodies with their associated ecological risk in Pakistan |
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| Institution: | 1. National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;2. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;1. Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy;2. Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;1. University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, ECS 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;2. University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, 11 South Paca Street, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;1. Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrient of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China;2. School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China;3. Shanghai Aquatic Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200090, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China;2. MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China |
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| Abstract: | The unchecked production and use of fluoroquinolones (FQs) for the treatment of infections in human and livestock has increased in Pakistan, which resulted in large amount of antibiotics in water bodies. In the current study, the prevalence and associated ecological risk of three FQs were investigated in waste-water bodies and sludge samples of Kahuta and Hattar industrial zones. The average concentrations of ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR) and levofloxacin (LEV) in the waste-water samples were slightly higher in Kahuta (i.e. 58, 32.9, and 36.7 μg L?1 respectively), than those in Hattar sites (i.e. 42.1, 41.2, and 48.9 μg L?1 respectively). However, the concentrations of CIP, ENR and LEV in the sludge samples were significantly higher (i.e. 159; 153 and 164 μg kg?1 respectively) in Hattar sites, compared to those in Kahuta sites (i.e. 129, 58 and 91 μg kg?1 respectively). The uses of FQs in the health sector resulted in water pollution and poses the ecological risk to aquatic organisms. The individual risk associated with CIP was highest in Kahuta industrial sites for green algae ranging (2900–9100) followed by M. aeruginosa (5800–18200), cyanobacteria (580–18204) and invertebrates (24.2–75.8). These values suggested that the prevalence of antibiotics in the waste-disposal sites could be potential risk for the aquatic ecosystem, and harmful to biodiversity. |
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| Keywords: | Antibiotics Fluoroquinolones Pakistan Ecological risk |
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