2010-2013年株洲市机械行业噪声危害风险分析

目的 分析株洲市机械行业噪声危害状况,为进一步制订防控噪声危害的措施提供科学依据。 方法 对株洲市2010-2013年机械加工企业的职业病危害检测资料和健康检查资料进行回顾性分析,对噪声接触率、噪声强度、听力异常检出率等指标进行了分析。 结果 2010-2013年该市受检企业平均噪声强度为(83.63±9.68)dB,呈逐年下降的趋势(F_趋势=195.36,P<0.001),总的点超标率为33.81%,呈逐年下降的趋势(χ²_趋势=108.79,P<0.001);作业人员总的噪声接触率为49.35%,听力异常检出率15.87%,其中2013年最高达23.44%;2010-2013年共检出1 557名听力异常者,其中高频听力损伤者968名,占61.92%,语频听力损伤占38.08%;听力损伤工种分布为:铆工占52.92%,电焊工22.50%,机加工9.92%。 结论 噪声是株洲市机械行业主要职业病危害因素之一,具有噪声强度大、超标率较高、工人接触时间长、接触率高等特点;噪声引起的听力损伤检出率较高,以高频听力损失为主;铆工、电焊工和机加工是控制噪声危害的关键控制点。

Risk of noise hazard from machinery industry in Zhuzhou City, 2010-2013

Objective To analyze the occupational noise hazard of machinery industry in Zhuzhou City so as to provide a scientific basis for further developing prevention and control measures of noise hazard. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data concerning occupational hazard detection and health inspection of machinery industry in Zhuzhou City from 2010 to 2013; meanwhile, we also analyzed the noise exposure rate, the noise intensity, the positive detective rate of hearing abnormality and other indicators. Results The mean noise intensity in the detected enterprises in Zhuzhou City during 2010-2013 was (83.63±9.68) dB, showing a downward trend year by year (Ftrend=195.36, P<0.001). The excessive noise rate of the total sites was 33.81%, showing a declining trend year by year(χ²_trend=108.79, P<0.001). The total noise exposure rate of the workers was 49.35%, and the positive detective rate of hearing abnormality was 15.87%, with the highest being 23.44% in 2013. A total of 1,557 workers with hearing abnormality were detected during 2010-2013, including 968(61.92%)workers with high-frequency hearing impairment and 589(38.08%)workers with linguistic-frequency hearing impairment. The workers with hearing impairment were riveters (52.92%), welders (22.50%) and machine operators (9.92%) by occupation. Conclusions Noise is one of the main occupational hazards in machinery industry in Zhuzhou City, with the characteristics of high intensity, high excessive rate, long exposure time and high exposure frequency. The positive detective rate of hearing impairment caused by noise is high, with a majority of high frequency hearing impairment. Riveters, welders and machine operators are the critical control points of the noise hazard control.