Aboriginal Health Workers experience multilevel barriers to quitting smoking: a qualitative study |
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Authors: | Anna P Dawson Margaret Cargo Harold Stewart Alwin Chong Mark Daniel |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA 7. Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA 2. Cancer Control and Prevention Program, Michigan Public Health Institute, Okemos, MI, USA 3. Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA 4. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Barbara Ann Karmanos Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 5. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA 6. University of Michigan Center for Global Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Abstract: | Background Breast cancer screening rates have increased over time in the United States. However actual screening rates appear to be lower among black women compared with white women. Purpose To assess determinants of breast cancer screening among women in Michigan USA, focusing on individual and neighborhood socio-economic status and healthcare access. Methods Data from 1163 women ages 50-74 years who participated in the 2008 Michigan Special Cancer Behavioral Risk Factor Survey were analyzed. County-level SES and healthcare access were obtained from the Area Resource File. Multilevel logistic regression models were fit using SAS Proc Glimmix to account for clustering of individual observations by county. Separate models were fit for each of the two outcomes of interest; mammography screening and clinical breast examination. For each outcome, two sequential models were fit; a model including individual level covariates and a model including county level covariates. Results After adjusting for misclassification bias, overall cancer screening rates were lower than reported by survey respondents; black women had lower mammography screening rates but higher clinical breast examination rates than white women. However, after adjusting for other individual level variables, race was not a significant predictor of screening. Having health insurance or a usual healthcare provider were the most important predictors of cancer screening. Discussion Access to healthcare is important to ensuring appropriate cancer screening among women in Michigan. |
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