腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗T1肾癌

目的 探讨腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗T1肾癌的方法和疗效. 方法 肾癌患者32例.男24例,女8例.年龄31～72岁,平均49岁.均经B超、CT或MRI检查确诊为T1N0M0肾癌.肿瘤位于左肾21例,右肾11例;肾上极10例,下极13例,肾脏中部5例,近肾盂部位4例;偏背侧18例,腹侧14例.肿瘤平均直径(2.8±0.8)cm.25例行后腹腔途经,肿瘤位于偏腹侧者7例行经腹途径腹腔镜下保留肾单位术,均沿瘤体边缘外0.5 cm处分离切除肿瘤.手术前后行肾核素扫描(ECT)检测分肾功能. 结果 31例完成腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术,1例因缝合后肾脏渗血明显,中转开放手术.32例阻断肾蒂时间平均(24±4)min.3例开放血流后有明显渗血,均有2次阻断肾蒂史,阻断血管时间>30 min.31例平均手术时间(105±15)min,平均出血量(120±22)ml,6例术中输血400 ml.5例肿瘤位于肾脏中部者术前放置双J管.3例切除肿瘤后暴露肾盏,于术后当日通过膀胱镜放置双J管引流,其中2例于术后2～3 d发生漏尿,引流量200～300 ml,分别于术后15、21 d引流液<20 ml后拔出负压引流管后愈合.术后复查SCr、BUN均正常.术后住院时间平均(9±2)d.术后病理报告切缘均未见肿瘤残留.平均随访(23±5)个月,肿瘤无复发.术后1个月B超和CT复查发现患侧肾手术部位局部血肿3例,术后3个月血肿吸收.术后15 d复查双肾ECT,9例患侧肾血流较术前下降10%～15%,3例下降20%;术后1个月复查,7例患侧肾血流较术前下降10%～15%,术后(23±5)个月复查.仍有3例患侧肾血流较术前下降10%～15%. 结论 腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术安全可行.

Clinical study of laporoscopic nephron sparing surgery for T1 renal cell carcinoma

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery in the treatment of T1 renal cell carcinoma. Methods Thirty-two patients (24 males and 8 females) were diagnosed with T1 N0 M0 renal cell carcinoma by ultrasound, CT or MRI and un derwent laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery. The mean age was (49±2)years old (from 31 to 72 years old). The mean tumor diameter was (2.8±0.8)cm. There were 21 tumors in left kidney, 11 in right kidney. Of them, 10 tumors were in upper pole, 13 in lower pole, 5 in kidney center, 4 close to renal hilum, 18 in dorsal side and 14 in ventral side of the kidney. Tumor masses were resected with the surgical margin of 0. 5 cm. Twenty-five cases were done through retroperitoneal approach and 7 cases was done through transperitoneal approach. The pathological results showed that there were clear cell renal carcinoma in 28 cases, granule cell renal carcinoma in 3 cases and oncocytoma in 1 case. Renal function was examined by ECT before and after the surgery. Results Thirty-one cases under went laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery successfully and only one case converted to open surgery due to excessive intra-operative bleeding. The mean renal pedicle blocking time was (24±4)min (from 19 to 52 min). There were 3 cases having blocking time longer than 30 min (38 min, 45 min and 52 min) and accepted secondary blockage during the procedure. The mean operative time was (105 ± 15) rain. The mean estimated blood loss was (120±22)ml. Only 6 cases accepted 400 ml blood transfusion. D-J stents were placed in 5 eases with the tumor in kidney center before operation. In 3 cases with intra-operative exposure of renal calyx, D-J stems were placed after operation. Urine leakage in 2 eases were noted at 2 and 3 days and recovered at 15 and 21 days after operation. The mean hospital stay was (9±2)days. There was no recurrence in a mean follow-up time of (23±5)months. There were 3 cases with local hematoma (1 case of 4 cm × 3 cm, 2 cases of 2 cm×3 cm) in the surgical site confirmed by ultrasound or CT scan 1 month after surgery and they disappeared 3 months after the operation. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were all in normal range after operation. Compared with renal blood flow of the operated kidney before operation, there were 9 cases decreased by 10 %- 15 and 3 cases decreased by 20% at 15 days, 7 cases decreased by 10%-15% at 1 month and 3 cases decreased by 10%- 15% at (23 ± 5) months after operation. Conclusion Laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery is one of feasible and safe options for the treatment of T1 renal cell carcinoma.