Naltrexone-precipitated morphine withdrawal in infant rat is attenuated by acute administration of NOS inhibitors but not NMDA receptor antagonists

Rationale: There is increasing evidence that the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and the nitric oxide system are involved in opiate dependence in the adult rat, but whether these results in the adult apply to the infant rat is unknown. Objectives: Here we examined the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, which reduce the opiate abstinence syndrome in adult animals, on morphine withdrawal in the infant rat. Methods: Neonatal rats were injected with morphine sulfate (10.0 mg/kg) twice daily for 6.5 days. On the 7th day, pups were injected with NOS inhibitors (l-NAME or 7-NI), NMDA receptor antagonists (MK-801 or AP-5), or vehicle. After 15 min, the pups were injected with naltrexone (1 mg/kg) to precipitate withdrawal. Behavior for each pup was identified and recorded every 15 s for 10 min before naltrexone injection and 15 min after naltrexone injection. Results: Both l-NAME and 7-NI significantly reduced most withdrawal behaviors in the infant rat, a result in line with previous studies in the adult rat. In contrast, AP-5 reduced some withdrawal behaviors but also increased others (e.g., moving paws). MK-801 was likewise ineffective in reducing most withdrawal behaviors and increased certain withdrawal behaviors (walking and wall climbing). Conclusions: In the infant rat, the production of nitric oxide is involved in opiate withdrawal whereas the NMDA receptor may not yet be functionally active or may play only a minor role. Electronic Publication