Modulators in concert for cognition: modulator interactions in the prefrontal cortex |
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Authors: | Briand Lisa A Gritton Howard Howe William M Young Damon A Sarter Martin |
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Affiliation: | University of Michigan, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. lbriand@umich.edu |
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Abstract: | Research on the regulation and function of ascending noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems has focused on the organization and function of individual systems. In contrast, evidence describing co-activation and interactions between multiple neuromodulatory systems has remained scarce. However, commonalities in the anatomical organization of these systems and overlapping evidence concerning the post-synaptic effects of neuromodulators strongly suggest that these systems are recruited in concert; they influence each other and simultaneously modulate their target circuits. Therefore, evidence on the regulatory and functional interactions between these systems is considered essential for revealing the role of neuromodulators. This postulate extends to contemporary neurobiological hypotheses of major neuropsychiatric disorders. These hypotheses have focused largely on aberrations in the integrity or regulation of individual ascending modulatory systems, with little regard for the likely possibility that dysregulation in multiple ascending neuromodulatory systems and their interactions contribute essentially to the symptoms of these disorders. This review will paradigmatically focus on neuromodulator interactions in the PFC and be further constrained by an additional focus on their role in cognitive functions. Recent evidence indicates that individual neuromodulators, in addition to their general state-setting or gating functions, encode specific cognitive operations, further substantiating the importance of research concerning the parallel recruitment of neuromodulator systems and interactions between these systems. |
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Keywords: | 5-HT, serotonin ACh, acetylcholine AChE, acetylcholinesterase BFCS, basal forebrain cholinergic system DA, dopamine dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus GP, globus pallidus LC, locus coeruleus MD, mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus MFB, medial forebrain bundle MRN, medial raphe nuclei NAc, nucleus accumbens nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor nbM, nucleus basalis of Meynert NE, norepinephrine PFC, prefrontal cortex RN, raphe nuclei SI, substantia innominata SN, substantia nigra vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex VTA, ventral tegmental area |
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