肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症分型及临床意义

目的 通过确立高胆红素血症的8种临床类型(简称分型)，使鉴别诊断的思路清晰化、条理化，在此基础上选择针对性较强的专项检查，达到及时明确诊断，减少医疗费用和提高管理质量的目的。方法 回顾性总结26例肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症的临床经过，筛选与高胆红素血症鉴别诊断相关的常规生化检测项目，选出DBIL、r-GT、IBIL、ALT作为观测指标和分型依据，根据DBIL和r-GT升高的时间和水平以及与IBIL、ALT是否同步或平行，将动态监测的4项指标绘制成坐标图，对照肝穿病理所见、影像学检查以及有确诊价值的其他检查结果，将高胆红素血症分为Ⅰ型(正常恢复型)、Ⅱ型(延迟恢复型)、Ⅲ型(溶血出血型)、Ⅳ型(肝无功能型)、Ⅴ型(急性排斥型)、Ⅵ型(肝内淤胆型)、Ⅶ(肝外阻塞型)以及Ⅷ型(不规则型)。依照分型对近期实施的肝移植病例进行前瞻性预测，并最后经病理或其他有确诊意义的检查结果验证分型的临床适用性和敏感性。结果 本组26例肝移植病人术后早期经历的高胆红素血症共61例次。其中Ⅰ～Ⅷ型的出现频度分别是7、5、5、1、21、11、7、4例次。呈现Ⅰ-Ⅶ型的57例次中，经病理学、影像学或有确诊意义的其他检查证实无误的有51例次，其中最近的7例次是依据分型做出前瞻性诊断后，及时采用针对性治疗并取得显著疗效。这些病人由此避免了高风险或高费用的检查。其余6例次虽可明确归属某一分型，但缺乏确诊意义的检查资料。概括导致高胆红素血症的原因包括：供肝再灌注损伤、轻度至中度排斥反应、肝内胆汁淤积、胆道并发症、药物性肝损害、腹腔内出血或血肿、局灶性肝坏死、肝动脉血栓形成、肝流出道梗阻、原发性供肝无功能等多种原因。分型中的各型分别与上述相应的原因有密切相关性。结论 导致肝移植术后高胆红素血症的常见原因基本上能分别归属于8种临床类型，各种类型与之所反映的并发症密切相关。依照各类型的特征性变化，临床医师可以对导致高胆红素血症的原因迅速做出初步判断，为及时采取针对性辅助检查和相应治疗措施赢得宝贵时间。该方法简便易行，节时省费，容易理解和掌握。

Typing of hyperbilirubinemia in early stage after liver transplantation and its clinical significance

Objective To investigate the rule and characteristics of bilirubinemia occurrence after liver transplantation and establish 8 clinical types of hyperbilirubinemia in postoperative early stage. By this, we make it clear in differential diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia to achieve promptly final diagnosis and effective treatments. Methods The clinical data of 26 recipients of liver transplantation with postoperative hyperbilirubinemia were retrospectively analyzed. Routine biochemical items that are closely correlated to differential diagnosis including DBIL, r-GT, IGIL and ALT were employed to serve as indexes of typing. Hyperbilirubinemia was divided into type I to type VIII according to raising time and levels of DBIL, r-GT, IBIL and ALT in combination with pathological and imaging findings. Based on this typing, we performed prospective prediction in patients with postoperative hyperbilirubinemia to verify its clinical application and sensitivity. Results Reasons for hyperbilirubinemia in postoperative early stage included reperfusion injury, mild to moderate acute rejection, intrahepatic cholestasis, biliary tract complications, focal hepatic necrosis, hepatic artery thrombosis, outflow obstruction, primary nonfunction in graft and others. Conclusions The 8 clinical types basically explain common causes of hyperbilirubinemia in early stage after liver transplantation. Based on change in characteristics of every type, we can promptly and accurately judge causes of hyperbiliru- binemia to improve rate of proper differential diagnosis and adopt correct treatments in time.