The effect of time to peak ankle torque on balance stability boundary: experimental validation of a biomechanical model

Pai and Patton (1997), using a biomechanical model, determined a set of feasible center of mass (CM) velocity-position combinations (balance stability boundary) that guarantee upright stability. In their study, the magnitude of the restoring ankle torque was used to study the subject's ability to recover balance. Recent studies have suggested that the ability to maintain a stable posture depends not only on the magnitude of the restoring torque but also on the time to generate this torque. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to build a biomechanical model that predicts the balance stability boundary which includes time to peak ankle torque, (2) to determine the capability of the model to predict successful and failed experimental balance recovery trials, and (3) to compare the predictive capability of the biomechanical model with that of a statistical model (logistic regression). A single-link-plus-foot biomechanical model was used to determine a set of balance stability boundaries, computed from the combination of maximum CM velocity and related CM position, for various times to peak ankle torque. An experiment was conducted to validate the biomechanical model. The participants self-initiated a forward destabilization and were asked to regain balance using an ankle feet-in-place strategy. Also, a forward stepwise logistic regression (predictors: CM position and velocity and time to peak ankle torque) was used to discriminate between successful and failed experimental trials. (1) The outcomes of the biomechanical model confirmed that the time to peak ankle torque drastically constrained the stability boundaries. (2) The biomechanical model predicted 79.9% of the failed experimental trials and 74.5% of the successful experimental trials. (3) The stepwise logistic regression included all independent variables and predicted 57.2% of the failed and 93.7% of the successful experimental trials. Hence, the biomechanical model showed better predictive capability than the statistical model for identifying unsuccessful balance recovery. It is noteworthy that the balance stability boundaries constrained by the speed of ankle torque development predicted the outcome of the experimental trial earlier in the time series than balance stability boundary constrained by constant ankle torque. Overall, the present biomechanical model may serve as an assessment tool to develop specific interventions towards improving a patient's speed of ankle torque development and to possibly reduce falling frequency.