神经嵴发育异常相关眼病

神经嵴是一个动态的胚胎干细胞群体，在眼部发育中起着关键作用。神经嵴与周围的神经外胚层、表面外胚层和中胚层相互作用，发育成眼球及其附属器的多种组织结构，包括角膜基质及内皮、小梁网、虹膜基质、睫状肌、玻璃体和脉络膜血管、Müller细胞等。眼部神经嵴细胞迁移和发育异常会引起一系列复杂的眼部疾病，包括影响眼前段的疾病，如Axenfeld-Rieger综合征、Peters异常、无虹膜、原发性先天性青光眼和指甲-髌骨综合征，以及影响眼后段的缺陷性疾病，如CHARGE综合征和鳃-眼-面综合征，此外还有一些罕见的神经嵴疾病的眼部异常，如Waardenburg综合征、Treacher-Collins综合征和Char综合征等。在这里我们将神经嵴细胞发育异常导致的眼部相关疾病做一综述，探讨与神经嵴迁移和发育相关的基因，以及这些基因的突变和缺陷如何导致眼部疾病。

Eye diseases associated with developmental abnormality of neural crest

The neural crest represents a dynamic population of embryonic stem cells, playing a pivotal role in the development of the eye. Through interactions with the surrounding neuroectoderm, superficial ectoderm and mesoderm, the neural crest contributes to the formation of numerous ocular structures, encompassing the corneal stroma and endothelium, trabecular meshwork, iris stroma, ciliary muscle, vitreous and choroidal vessels, and Müller cells. Aberrant migration and development of neural crest cells within the eye can instigate a complex series of ocular diseases. Such diseases include anterior segment like Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Peters anomaly, aniridia, primary congenital glaucoma, and Nail-Patella syndrome. Defects that impact the posterior segment may lead to CHARGE syndrome and Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome. Further, rare neurocristopathies such as Waardenburg syndrome, Treacher-Collins syndrome, and Char syndrome can also present with ocular abnormalities. In this review, we explore the ocular diseases that arise from abnormal neural crest cell development, and delve into the related genes involved in neural crest migration and development. We further discuss how mutations and defects in these genes can precipitate ocular diseases.