河南省农村儿童肠道寄生虫病流行现状及影响因素分析

目的　了解河南省农村儿童肠道寄生虫病流行现状及影响因素。方法　2014–2015年按照《全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》的要求，根据河南省不同生态区划分及经济水平确定调查县（市），根据被调查县（市）地形和经济水平等因素分层，每层随机抽取1个乡（镇）、每个乡（镇）随机抽取1个自然村作为调查点，共选取35个县（市）的104个点开展儿童肠道寄生虫病现状调查。每个调查点至少收集250份被调查者的新鲜粪样，采用改良加藤厚涂片（Kato?Katz）法检查肠道蠕虫卵，采用试管滤纸培养法鉴别美洲钩虫与十二指肠钩虫，应用生理盐水和碘液直接涂片法查肠道原虫滋养体和包囊；同时对3 ~ 6岁儿童采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵和带绦虫卵。结果　河南省农村儿童肠道寄生虫感染率为3.21%（214/6 671），肠道蠕虫感染率（2.62%，175/6 671）高于原虫（0.60%，40/6 671）。共检出12种肠道寄生虫，其中肠道线虫4种、吸虫1种、原虫7种；所有检出虫种中以蛲虫感染率最高，为2.47%（161/6 671）。全省4个生态区中，秦巴山地生态区儿童肠道寄生虫感染率最高，为5.85%（90/1 538）。男、女儿童肠道寄生虫感染率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05），不同年龄组（[χ2] = 32.762，P < 0.05）和文化程度（[χ2] = 67.507，P < 0.05）儿童肠道寄生虫感染率差异均有统计学意义，且各年龄组均以蛲虫感染为主。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示，文化程度高、无害化厕所覆盖率高、饮用自来水及集体驱虫是儿童感染肠道寄生虫的保护因素。本次调查河南省农村儿童肠道寄生虫总感染率明显低于首次全国人体寄生虫分布调查和全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查中河南省的相关数据，呈逐渐下降趋势。结论　河南省农村儿童肠道寄生虫感染率呈明显下降趋势，蛲虫应成为今后河南省农村儿童肠道寄生虫病的防治重点。

Prevalence and influencing factors of intestinal parasitic diseases among rural children in Henan Province

Objective　To understand the epidemic status and influencing factors of intestinal parasitic diseases among rural children in Henan Province. Methods　According to the Scheme for The National Survey on Current Status of Major Human Parasitic Diseases in China, the survey counties were selected based on the ecological zones and economic levels in Henan Province between 2014 and 2015. Then, the included counties were stratified according to the topography and economic levels. A township was randomly sampled from each stratum, and a village was randomly sampled from each township as the study site. Finally, a total of 104 study sites from 35 counties were enrolled for the survey of intestinal parasitic diseases in children. At least 250 fresh stool samples were collected from each study site for detection of intestinal helminth eggs with the Kato?Katz technique, for the identification of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale with the fecal culture method, and for the detection of intestinal protozoa trophozoite and cyst with the physiological saline smear and iodine staining techniques. In addition, the Enterobius vermicularis and tapeworm eggs were detected in children aged 3 to 6 years using the adhesive cellophane?tape perianal swab method. Results　The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 3.21% (214/6 671) among rural children in Henan Province, and the prevalence of intestinal helminthes (2.62%, 175/6 671) was higher than that of intestinal protozoa (0.60%, 40/6 671). A total of 12 species of intestinal parasites were found, including 4 nematodes species, one trematode species, and 7 protozoa species, and the highest infection was seen in E. vermicularis (2.47%, 161/6 671). Among the four ecological zones in Henan Province, the greatest prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was detected among children in the Qinba Mountain Ecological Zone (5.85%, 90/1 538). There was no gender?specific difference in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children (P > 0.05); however, there were age? ([χ2] = 32.762, P < 0.05) and education level?specific differences in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children ([χ2] = 67.507, P < 0.05), with the greatest prevalence of E. vermicularis infection seen in all species of intestinal parasites in children at all age groups. Multivariate non?conditional logistic regression analysis showed that high education level, high coverage of harmless toilets, drinking tap water and deworming were protective factors for intestinal parasitic infections in children in Henan Province. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline among children in Henan Province as compared to the previous two surveys. Conclusions　The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections shows a tendency towards a remarkable decline among children in Henan Province. E. vermicularis infection should be given a priority for future parasitic disease control activities among rural children in Henan Province.