Increased phospholipase D activity in human breast cancer

Phospholipase D is believed to play an important role in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. One of its major functions is to cause a sustained activation of protein kinase C through the primary production of phosphatidic acid from phosphatidylcholine by the enzyme, followed by dephosphorylation forming diacylglycerol. Protein kinase C is known to be activated or translocated in some tumors including breast tumors. In order to examine phospholipase D activity in breast tumors, surgical specimens of human breast tumors were obtained by mastectomy or wide excision, and their phospholipase D activities were assayed by determining the formation of phosphatidylethanol from phosphatidylcholine and ethanol. Phospholipase D activity was predominantly localized in the microsomal fraction of the tumor tissue and markedly stimulated by oleic acid. We observed a significant increase in phospholipase D activity in 17 out of 19 spontaneous human breast tumors as compared to adjacent histologically normal breast tissue. The mean specific activity in the tumors was 52.9±41.8 (SD) pmol min^–1 mg protein^–1 whereas the value for the normal breast tissue was 34.0±36.2 (SD) pmol min^–1 mg protein^–1 (P<0.01; paired Wilcoxon's rank-sum test). The mean tumor/normal activity ratio was 2.37. Among prognostic factors, the nuclear grade, evaluated according to Schnitt et al., was found to be correlated with the activity ratio. Our results suggest a role for phospholipase D in human breast tumors. An elevation in phospholipase D activity is useful as a potential marker for malignant disease in the breast.Abbreviations PtdCho phosphatidylcholine - PLD phospholipase D - GroPCho sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine - TLC thin-layer chromatography - PtdOEt phosphatidylethanolThis work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan