Suboptimal iron status and associated dietary patterns and practices in premenopausal women living in Auckland, New Zealand |
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Authors: | Kathryn L Beck Rozanne Kruger Cathryn A Conlon Anne-Louise M Heath Christophe Matthys Jane Coad Welma Stonehouse |
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Institution: | 1. Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health (IFNHH), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore City, 0745, New Zealand 2. Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand 3. Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KULeuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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Abstract: | Purpose To investigate associations between dietary patterns and suboptimal iron status in premenopausal women living in Auckland, New Zealand. Methods Premenopausal women (n = 375; 18–44 years) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Suboptimal iron status was defined as serum ferritin <20 μg/L. Participants completed a 144-item iron food frequency questionnaire (FeFFQ) and a questionnaire on dietary practices to assess dietary intake over the past month. Factor analysis was used to determine dietary patterns from the FeFFQ. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between these dietary patterns and iron status. Results Seven dietary patterns were identified: refined carbohydrate and fat; Asian; healthy snacks; meat and vegetable; high tea and coffee; bread and crackers; and milk and yoghurt. Logistic regression suggested that following a “meat and vegetable” dietary pattern reduced the risk of suboptimal iron status by 41 % (95 % CI: 18, 58 %; P = 0.002) and following a “milk and yoghurt” pattern increased the risk of suboptimal iron status by 50 % (95 % CI: 15, 96 %; P = 0.003). Conclusions These results suggest that dietary patterns characterized by either a low intake of meat and vegetables or a high intake of milk and yoghurt are associated with an increased risk of suboptimal iron status. Dietary pattern analysis is a novel and potentially powerful tool for investigating the relationship between diet and iron status. |
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