Consumption of vegetables and fruits and risk of breast cancer |
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Authors: | van Gils Carla H Peeters Petra H M Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas Boshuizen Hendriek C Lahmann Petra H Clavel-Chapelon Françoise Thiébaut Anne Kesse Emmanuelle Sieri Sabina Palli Domenico Tumino Rosario Panico Salvatore Vineis Paolo Gonzalez Carlos A Ardanaz Eva Sánchez Maria-José Amiano Pilar Navarro Carmen Quirós José R Key Timothy J Allen Naomi Khaw Kay-Tee Bingham Sheila A Psaltopoulou Theodora Koliva Maria Trichopoulou Antonia Nagel Gabriële Linseisen Jakob Boeing Heiner Berglund Göran Wirfält Elisabet Hallmans Göran Lenner Per Overvad Kim Tjønneland Anne Olsen Anja Lund Eiliv Engeset Dagrun |
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Institution: | Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Drs Ockene and Rosal); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Womens Health (Dr Barad) and Epidemiology and Population Health (Drs Wassertheil-Smoller and Wylie-Rosett), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (Dr Cochrane and Mr Larson); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Gass); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (Dr Manson); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Dr Barnabei); Department of Preventive Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook (Dr Lane); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (Dr Brzyski); and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex (Dr Hays). |
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Abstract: | Context The intake of vegetables and fruits has been thought to protect against breast cancer. Most of the evidence comes from case-control studies, but a recent pooled analysis of the relatively few published cohort studies suggests no significantly reduced breast cancer risk is associated with vegetable and fruit consumption. Objective To examine the relation between total and specific vegetable and fruit intake and the incidence of breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective study of 285 526 women between the ages of 25 and 70 years, participating in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, recruited from 8 of the 10 participating European countries. Participants completed a dietary questionnaire in 1992-1998 and were followed up for incidence of cancer until 2002. Main Outcome Measures Relative risks for breast cancer by total and specific vegetable and fruit intake. Analyses were stratified by age at recruitment and study center. Relative risks were adjusted for established breast cancer risk factors. Results During 1 486 402 person-years (median duration of follow-up, 5.4 years), 3659 invasive incident breast cancer cases were reported. No significant associations between vegetable or fruit intake and breast cancer risk were observed. Relative risks for the highest vs the lowest quintile were 0.98 (95% confidence interval CI], 0.84-1.14) for total vegetables, 1.09 (95% CI , 0.94-1.25) for total fruit, and 1.05 (95% CI , 0.92-1.20) for fruit and vegetable juices. For 6 specific vegetable subgroups no associations with breast cancer risk were observed either. Conclusion Although the period of follow-up is limited for now, the results suggest that total or specific vegetable and fruit intake is not associated with risk for breast cancer. |
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