Multisensory integration in the estimation of walked distances |
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Authors: | Jennifer L Campos John S Butler and Heinrich H Bülthoff |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38, 72076 T?bingen, Germany;(2) Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 550 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada;(3) Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;(4) Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA;(5) Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea |
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Abstract: | When walking through space, both dynamic visual information (optic flow) and body-based information (proprioceptive and vestibular)
jointly specify the magnitude of distance travelled. While recent evidence has demonstrated the extent to which each of these
cues can be used independently, less is known about how they are integrated when simultaneously present. Many studies have
shown that sensory information is integrated using a weighted linear sum, yet little is known about whether this holds true
for the integration of visual and body-based cues for travelled distance perception. In this study using Virtual Reality technologies,
participants first travelled a predefined distance and subsequently matched this distance by adjusting an egocentric, in-depth
target. The visual stimulus consisted of a long hallway and was presented in stereo via a head-mounted display. Body-based
cues were provided either by walking in a fully tracked free-walking space (Exp. 1) or by being passively moved in a wheelchair
(Exp. 2). Travelled distances were provided either through optic flow alone, body-based cues alone or through both cues combined.
In the combined condition, visually specified distances were either congruent (1.0×) or incongruent (0.7× or 1.4×) with distances
specified by body-based cues. Responses reflect a consistent combined effect of both visual and body-based information, with
an overall higher influence of body-based cues when walking and a higher influence of visual cues during passive movement.
When comparing the results of Experiments 1 and 2, it is clear that both proprioceptive and vestibular cues contribute to
travelled distance estimates during walking. These observed results were effectively described using a basic linear weighting
model. |
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