Vaccine purchasing groups in the United States: An overview of their policies and practices |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Center, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;2. National Vaccine Program Office, US Department of Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201, USA;1. Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;2. Center for Vaccine Awareness and Research, Texas Children''s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA;3. Pharmacy Department, Texas Children''s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA;4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA;1. Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;2. Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Services, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA;3. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University & Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA;1. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia;2. Division of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;3. Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand;4. Bureau of AIDS, TB and STIs, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand;5. Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland;1. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia;2. Health Economics Research Group, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;1. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA;2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA;3. Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA;4. Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA;5. Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT, USA;6. New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA;7. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA;8. California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, CA, USA;9. School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;10. Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA;11. Institute for Public Health, University of New Mexico, Emerging Infections Program, Albuquerque, NM, USA;12. Oregon Public Health Division and Oregon Emerging Infections Program, Portland, OR, USA;13. Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA;14. Infection Disease Section, Medical Specialty Care Service Line, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA;15. Stat-Epi Associates, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, USA;p. Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundVaccine purchasing groups (VPGs) may help reduce the upfront cost of vaccines. The objective of this study was to describe key business practices of VPGs in the United States.MethodsSemi-structured, qualitative telephone interviews were conducted with representatives from 11 VPGs, based on a sampling frame of 53 VPGs. Interviews were transcribed and summarized by topic.ResultsCharacteristics of the 11 VPGs interviewed reflect the broader VPG population: 64% national vs 36% regional; 8% charge a membership fee; membership ranging from 40 to over 300,000 sites.VPGs establish agreements with vaccine manufacturers, typically with either GlaxoSmithKline or Merck and Sanofi Pasteur; 1 VPG reported a single-product (Trumenba) agreement with Pfizer. VPG agreements specify “product loyalty” benchmarks (proportion of that manufacturer’s product line) that the VPG and its members must meet to receive discounted vaccine pricing. The amount of discount is considered proprietary. Practices may actively participate with only one VPG; the member discount is automatically applied by the manufacturer at the time of ordering. Vaccine manufacturers monitor sales data to ensure compliance with product loyalty terms; practices that do not meet benchmarks may be removed from the VPG.VPGs are paid administration fees by the manufacturers. VPGs use these fees to cover their operating expenses and often rebate a portion of these fees back to their members. All 11 VPGs offer additional services to members, ranging from immunization-focused education and technical assistance to discounts on a broad range of medical and business supplies.ConclusionsVPGs can facilitate access to reduced purchase prices for most vaccines routinely recommended in the United States. Data on the magnitude of the price reductions were not publicly available. VPG members must balance loyalty-based price reductions against considerations of having a wider choice of vaccine products. |
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| Keywords: | Purchasing group Buying group Group purchasing organization Vaccines Vaccine financing Vaccine purchase |
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