Sex-dependent immune responses to infant vaccination: an individual participant data meta-analysis of antibody and memory B cells |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;2. Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, UK;3. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK;4. Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George''s University of London, UK;5. Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK;1. Bristol Children’s Vaccine Centre, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8AE, UK;2. GSK, 5 Embassy Links, Cunningham Road, Bangalore 560052, India;3. GSK, 20 Avenue Fleming, Wavre 1300, Belgium;4. GSK, 2301 Renaissance Blvd, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States;5. Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK;6. Southampton NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;7. Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;1. Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology and Universität Hamburg, Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany;2. Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK;1. Epidemiology Unit VIDRL, The Doherty Institute, Victoria;2. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria;1. Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK;2. Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;3. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundBiological sex can be an important source of variation in infection and immunity and sex-dependent differences in immune response to vaccination have been reported in some studies.MethodsWe conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis of vaccine trials from one research centre, in which vaccines were administered to children under three years of age and immunological parameters measured. Log-transformed antigen-specific antibody and memory B cell results were meta-analysed and differences between girls and boys reported as geometric mean ratios.ResultsAntibody and memory B cell data were available from nine trials and 2378 children. Statistically significant differences between girls and boys were observed for diphtheria toxoid, capsular group A, W, and Y meningococcal, and pneumococcal vaccines. No sex-differences were observed for responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b, capsular group C meningococcal or tetanus toxoid vaccines.ConclusionsIn young children, immune responses to vaccines were consistently higher or equivalent in girls compared with boys. In no instance were responses in boys significantly higher than girls. While these data do not indicate differences in protection conferred by immunisation in boys and girls, they do support further consideration of biological sex in planning of clinical trials of vaccines. |
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| Keywords: | Antibody Memory B cells Sex-differences Infant Vaccine Individual participant data Meta-analysis |
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