Smoking,heavy drinking,and depression among U.S. middle-aged and older adults |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA;2. Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, USA;1. Office on Smoking and Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA;2. Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA;3. Office of Tobacco Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China;1. Center of Research in Childhood Health (RICH), Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;2. The Center of Inflammation and Metabolism (CIM) and The Center for Physical Activity Research (CFAS) at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark;3. SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;4. Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Epidemiology, Health Economics and Public Health, UMR1027 INSERM–Toulouse University, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU), Toulouse, France;2. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, INSERM UMR744, Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille Nord de France University–UDSL, Lille, France;3. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, FMTS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France;4. Department of Public Health, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France;5. Department of Cardiology B, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between smoking, heavy drinking and depression among U.S. middle-aged and older adults.MethodIndividual-level data came from 1992–2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Smoking was ascertained from self-reported cigarette smoking status at the time of interview. Heavy drinking was defined as one or more drinks per day on average or four or more drinks on any occasion in the past three months for women, and two or more drinks per day on average or four or more drinks on any occasion in the past three months for men. Depression was defined as scoring three and above on the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed to examine the relationship between smoking, heavy drinking and depression.ResultsCompared to non-smokers, smokers free from depression and heavy drinking at baseline were 20% (95% confidence interval: 12–28%) and 34% (20–50%) more likely to develop depression and engage in heavy drinking during follow-up period, respectively. Compared to non-depressed participants, participants with depression who were nonsmokers and non-heavy drinkers at baseline were 41% (14–74%) and 18% (6–31%) more likely to smoke and engage in heavy drinking during follow-up, respectively. Compared to non-heavy drinkers, heavy drinkers who were nonsmokers at baseline were 60% (26–104%) more likely to smoke during follow-up.ConclusionHealth promotion programs in midlife and older age should be mindful of the associations between smoking, heavy drinking and depression in order to improve intervention effectiveness. |
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