广谱抗生素疗程对极低出生体重儿粪便肠道菌群和短链脂肪酸影响的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨广谱抗生素疗程对极低出生体重儿粪便肠道菌群和短链脂肪酸的影响。 方法 前瞻性选取2020年6~12月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿诊治中心收治的29例极低出生体重儿为研究对象，根据抗生素疗程分为≤7 d组（n=9）和>7 d组（n=20）。采集患儿住院第14天和第28天的粪便标本，运用16S rDNA高通量测序法和气相色谱-质谱法分别分析粪便样本的菌群和短链脂肪酸。 结果 ≤7 d组和>7 d组早产儿第4周和第2周相比，肠道菌群的Chao指数均显著下降（P<0.05）。≤7 d组第4周菌群与第2周相比，厚壁菌门和狭窄梭菌属1的比例均显著升高，而变形菌门显著降低（P<0.05）。第4周时，>7 d组厚壁菌门和狭窄梭菌属1的比例较≤7 d组显著降低而变形菌门显著升高（P<0.05）；>7 d组异丁酸和戊酸含量较≤7 d组显著下降（P<0.05）。 结论 广谱抗生素疗程可影响极低出生体重儿肠道菌群的丰富度、定植和演化，以及其代谢产物短链脂肪酸的含量。临床上应该严格把握广谱抗生素适应证及疗程。

Effect of the course of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics on intestinal flora and short-chain fatty acids in feces of very low birth weight infants: a prospective study

Objective To study the effect of the course of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics on intestinal flora and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods A total of 29 VLBW infants who were admitted to the Neonatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University from June to December 2020 were enrolled as subjects for this prospective study. According to the course of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, they were divided into two groups: ≤7 days (n=9) and >7 days (n=20). Fecal samples were collected on days 14 and 28 of hospitalization, and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze the flora and SCFAs in fecal samples. Results There was a significant reduction in Chao index of the intestinal flora in the ≤7 days group and the >7 days group from week 2 to week 4 (P<0.05). In the ≤7 days group, there were significant increases in the proportions of Firmicutes and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and a significant reduction in the proportion of Proteobacteria from week 2 to week 4 (P<0.05). At week 4, compared with the ≤7 days group, the >7 days group had significant reductions in the proportions of Firmicutes and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and a significant increase in the proportion of Proteobacteria (P<0.05), as well as significant reductions in the content of isobutyric acid and valeric acid (P<0.05). Conclusions The course of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics can affect the abundance, colonization, and evolution of intestinal flora and the content of their metabolites SCFAs in VLBW infants. The indication and treatment course for broad-spectrum antibiotics should be strictly controlled in clinical practice.